Soil Data Explorer - SACUL

Official Series Description

Lab Data Summary

Aggregate lab data for the SACUL soil series. This aggregation is based on all pedons with a current taxon name of SACUL, and applied along 1-cm thick depth slices. Solid lines are the slice-wise median, bounded on either side by the interval defined by the slice-wise 5th and 95th percentiles. The median is the value that splits the data in half. Five percent of the data are less than the 5th percentile, and five percent of the data are greater than the 95th percentile. Values along the right hand side y-axis describe the proportion of pedon data that contribute to aggregate values at this depth. For example, a value of "90%" at 25cm means that 90% of the pedons correlated to SACUL were used in the calculation. Source: KSSL snapshot (updated 2020-03-13). Methods used to assemble the KSSL snapshot used by SoilWeb / SDE

Pedons used in the lab summary:

MLRA	Lab ID	Pedon ID	Taxonname	CI	NSSL / NASIS Reports	Link To SoilWeb GMap
119	76-OK-40-2	76-OK079-40-2	Sacul	4	Primary | Supplementary | Taxonomy | Pedon | Water Retention | Correlation | Andic Soil Properties	34.7622139,-94.7097583
119	76-OK-40-5	76-OK079-40-5	Sacul	4	Primary | Supplementary | Taxonomy | Pedon | Water Retention | Correlation | Andic Soil Properties	34.6033056,-94.797575
133B	40A4423	76AR103001	Sacul	6	Primary | Supplementary | Taxonomy | Pedon | Water Retention | Correlation | Andic Soil Properties	33.4302788,-93.0961075
133B	40A1365	76LA017004	Sacul	3	Primary | Supplementary | Taxonomy | Pedon | Water Retention | Correlation | Andic Soil Properties	33.0186111,-93.9533333
133B	87P0400	86LA085017	Sacul	7	Primary | Supplementary | Taxonomy | Pedon | Water Retention | Correlation | Andic Soil Properties	31.6144447,-93.3466644
n/a	S83TX419003	S83TX419003	Sacul	5	Primary | Supplementary | Taxonomy | Pedon | Water Retention | Correlation | Andic Soil Properties	n/a

Water Balance

Monthly water balance estimated using a leaky-bucket style model for the SACUL soil series. Monthly precipitation (PPT) and potential evapotranspiration (PET) have been estimated from the 50th percentile of gridded values (PRISM 1981-2010) overlapping with the extent of SSURGO map units containing each series as a major component. Monthly PET values were estimated using the method of Thornthwaite (1948). These (and other) climatic parameters are calculated with each SSURGO refresh and provided by the fetchOSD function of the soilDB package. Representative water storage values (“AWC” in the figures) were derived from SSURGO by taking the 50th percentile of profile-total water storage (sum[awc_r * horizon thickness]) for each soil series. Note that this representation of “water storage” is based on the average ability of most plants to extract soil water between 15 bar (“permanent wilting point”) and 1/3 bar (“field capacity”) matric potential. Soil moisture state can be roughly interpreted as “dry” when storage is depleted, “moist” when storage is between 0mm and AWC, and “wet” when there is a surplus. Clearly there are a lot of assumptions baked into this kind of monthly water balance. This is still a work in progress.

Sibling Summary

Siblings are those soil series that occur together in map units, in this case with the SACUL series. Sketches are arranged according to their subgroup-level taxonomic structure. Source: SSURGO snapshot (updated 2024-10-24), parsed OSD records (updated 2024-10-23) and snapshot of SC database (updated 2024-10-23).

Select annual climate data summaries for the SACUL series and siblings. Series are sorted according to hierarchical clustering of median values. Source: SSURGO map unit geometry and 1981-2010, 800m PRISM data (updated 2024-10-23).

Geomorphic description summaries for the SACUL series and siblings. Series are sorted according to hierarchical clustering of proportions and relative hydrologic position within an idealized landform (e.g. top to bottom). Most soil series (SSURGO components) are associated with a hillslope position and one or more landform-specific positions: hills, mountain slopes, terraces, and/or flats. Proportions can be interpreted as an aggregate representation of geomorphic membership. The values printed to the left (number of component records) and right (Shannon entropy) of stacked bars can be used to judge the reliability of trends. Small Shannon entropy values suggest relatively consistent geomorphic association, while larger values suggest lack thereof. Source: SSURGO component records (updated 2024-10-23).

There are insufficient data to create the 3D mountains figure.

Competing Series

Soil series competing with SACUL share the same family level classification in Soil Taxonomy. Source: parsed OSD records (updated 2024-10-23) and snapshot of the SC database (updated 2024-10-23).

Select annual climate data summaries for the SACUL series and competing. Series are sorted according to hierarchical clustering of median values. Source: SSURGO map unit geometry and 1981-2010, 800m PRISM data (updated 2024-10-23).

Geomorphic description summaries for the SACUL series and competing. Series are sorted according to hierarchical clustering of proportions and relative hydrologic position within an idealized landform (e.g. top to bottom). Proportions can be interpreted as an aggregate representation of geomorphic membership. Most soil series (SSURGO components) are associated with a hillslope position and one or more landform-specific positions: hills, mountain slopes, terraces, and/or flats. The values printed to the left (number of component records) and right (Shannon entropy) of stacked bars can be used to judge the reliability of trends. Shannon entropy values close to 0 represent soil series with relatively consistent geomorphic association, while values close to 1 suggest lack thereof. Source: SSURGO component records (updated 2024-10-23).

There are insufficient data to create the 3D mountains figure.

There are insufficient data to create the 3D terrace figure.

There are insufficient data to create the 3D flats position figure.

Soil series sharing subgroup-level classification with SACUL, arranged according to family differentiae. Hovering over a series name will print full classification and a small sketch from the OSD. Source: snapshot of SC database (updated 2024-10-23).

Block Diagrams

Click a link below to display the diagram. Note that these diagrams may be from multiple survey areas.

1. LA-2012-04-27-01 | De Soto Parish - October 1991

   Relationship of soils, elevation, and geologic formations in the Tertiary uplands (Soil Survey of De Soto Parish, Louisiana; October 1991).

2. TX-2010-11-03-36 | Houston County - 2002

   Typical pattern of soils and parent material in the Cuthbert-Kirvin-Lilbert general soil map unit (Soil Survey of Houston County, Texas; 2002).

3. TX-2012-03-19-04 | Angelina County - February 1988

   Typical pattern of soils and underlying material in the Sacul-Cuthbert-Kirvin map unit (Soil Survey of Angelina County, TX; 1988).

4. TX-2012-03-21-05 | Harrison County - October 1994

   Pattern of soils and parent material in the Cuthbert-Bowie-Kirvin general soil map unit (Soil Survey of Harrison County, TX; 1994).

5. TX-2012-03-21-78 | Smith County - July 1993

   Typical pattern of soils and parent material in the Bowie-Cuthbert-Kirvin general soil map unit (Soil Survey of Smith County, TX; 1993).

Map Units

Map units containing SACUL as a major component. Limited to 250 records.

Map Unit Name	Symbol	Map Unit Area (ac)	Map Unit Key	National Map Unit Symbol	Soil Survey Area	Publication Date	Map Scale
Sacul loamy sand, 6 to 10 percent slopes	37	2175	330220	c2m8	al081	1979	1:20000
Sacul loamy sand, 1 to 6 percent slopes	36	2150	330219	c2m7	al081	1979	1:20000
Sacul silt loam, 1 to 4 percent slopes	38	1000	330221	c2m9	al081	1979	1:20000
Sacul sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes	SaC	1120	331282	c3qj	al107	1997	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes	29	2142	565079	2tlkc	ar003	1977	1:20000
Sacul-Smithdale association, rolling	63	27274	3179399	lynx	ar019	1983	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes	57	18438	3179392	2tztd	ar019	1983	1:20000
Saffell-Sacul association, rolling	66	8147	3179402	lyp0	ar019	1983	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes	58	7144	3179393	2zk0t	ar019	1983	1:20000
Sacul-Ruston association, undulating	62	6632	3179398	lynw	ar019	1983	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes	59	1600	3179394	lynr	ar019	1983	1:20000
Sacul gravelly fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes	60	1389	3179396	lynt	ar019	1983	1:20000
Sacul gravelly fine sandy loam, 8 to 20 percent slopes	61	147	3179397	lynv	ar019	1983	1:20000
Smithdale-Bowie-Sacul association, undulating	77	36	3179414	lypd	ar019	1983	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes	25	76219	565361	2tlkd	ar027	1983	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes	26	8326	565362	2zk0t	ar027	1983	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes	24	5473	565360	2tlkc	ar027	1983	1:20000
Sacul soils, 3 to 8 percent slopes, eroded	ScC2	11678	565473	lzf2	ar043	1972	1:24000
Sacul soils, 1 to 3 percent slopes, eroded	ScB2	7577	565472	lzf1	ar043	1972	1:24000
Sacul loam, 8 to 12 percent slopes	SaD	1840	565471	lzf0	ar043	1972	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes	10C	28140	1715884	1vlj3	ar053	2006	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes	10D	11437	1715885	2zk0t	ar053	2006	1:24000
Sacul gravelly fine sandy loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes	11C	10028	1715887	1vlj6	ar053	2006	1:24000
Sacul gravelly fine sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes	11E	9579	1715889	1vlj8	ar053	2006	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes	10E	8997	1715886	1vlj5	ar053	2006	1:24000
Sacul gravelly fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes	11D	3910	1715888	1vlj7	ar053	2006	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes	35	39225	565661	2tlkd	ar057	1976	1:20000
Sacul-Kirvin association, rolling	37	32620	565663	lzm6	ar057	1976	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes	36	15870	565662	2zk0t	ar057	1976	1:20000
Saffell-Sacul association, rolling	66	24176	3179292	lyp0	ar059	1983	1:20000
Sacul-Smithdale association, rolling	63	15704	3179289	lynx	ar059	1983	1:20000
Smithdale-Bowie-Sacul association, undulating	77	7028	3179304	lypd	ar059	1983	1:20000
Sacul gravelly fine sandy loam, 8 to 20 percent slopes	61	6185	3179287	lynv	ar059	1983	1:20000
Sacul gravelly fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes	60	4444	3179286	lynt	ar059	1983	1:20000
Sacul-Ruston association, undulating	62	2393	3179288	lynw	ar059	1983	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes	57	2242	3179282	2tztd	ar059	1983	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes	58	913	3179283	2zk0t	ar059	1983	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes	59	32	3179284	lynr	ar059	1983	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 8 to 12 percent slopes	SaD	20365	565712	lzns	ar061	1970	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes	SaC	16874	565711	lznr	ar061	1970	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes	SaB	1077	565710	lznq	ar061	1970	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes	SaC	36263	721488	2tlkd	ar099	2000	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes	SaE	18786	721490	2zk0x	ar099	2000	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes	SaD	11877	721489	2zk0t	ar099	2000	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes	SaB	4185	721487	2tlkc	ar099	2000	1:24000
Kirvin-Sacul association, rolling	KSC	41059	566057	m00x	ar103	1969	1:20000
Sacul-Kirvin association, undulating	SKB	27844	566072	m01d	ar103	1969	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes	SaC	5753	566074	2tlkd	ar103	1969	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes	SaE	5572	566075	2zk0t	ar103	1969	1:20000
Kirvin-Sacul association, hilly	KSD	5146	566058	m00y	ar103	1969	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes	SaB	3791	566073	2tlkc	ar103	1969	1:20000
Sacul very fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes	26D	47323	1707524	1v9tf	ar133	1996	1:24000
Sacul very fine sandy loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes	26C	9081	1707523	1v9td	ar133	1996	1:24000
Sacul very gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes	27C	3005	1707525	1v9tg	ar133	1996	1:24000
Sacul-Sawyer complex, 1 to 8 percent slopes	ScC	176645	579207	2zry6	ar139	1992	1:24000
Sacul-Sawyer complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes	ScD	27350	579206	mfq2	ar139	1992	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes	SaC	25397	579189	mfpj	ar139	1992	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes	SaE	20026	579191	2zk0x	ar139	1992	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes	SaD	12277	579190	2zk0t	ar139	1992	1:24000
Sacul-Smithdale association, gently rolling	20	21167	564675	lylb	ar620	1977	1:20000
Sacul-Sawyer association, gently rolling	19	20658	564673	lyl8	ar620	1977	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes	16	18551	564670	2tztd	ar620	1977	1:20000
Smithdale-Sacul association, rolling	29	16199	564684	lylm	ar620	1977	1:20000
Sacul association, rolling	18	11201	564672	lyl7	ar620	1977	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes	17	8697	564671	2zk0t	ar620	1977	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes	15	1919	564669	2tlkc	ar620	1977	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes	40	24790	564863	2tztd	ar660	1975	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes	39	8996	564861	2tlkc	ar660	1975	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes	59	42540	564935	2tlkd	ar670	1981	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes	60	24101	564937	2zk0t	ar670	1981	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 12 to 20 percent slopes	61	13413	564938	lyvt	ar670	1981	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes	58	6567	564934	2tlkc	ar670	1981	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes	62	3374	564939	2zk0x	ar670	1981	1:20000
Sacul-Urban land complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes	63	2328	564940	lyvw	ar670	1981	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes	32	4351	564316	2tztd	ar680	1980	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes	SCE	80195	1724602	2tf4m	la013	1992	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	ScC	30641	1724605	2tnhx	la013	1992	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes	SaF	21986	570969	2tf4n	la015	2005	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes, moist	SaC	14490	570968	2v9rh	la015	2005	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes	SAK	7744	571003	2zk0x	la015	2005	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	SaC	6395	2805736	2tnhx	la017	2013	1:24000
Savannah-Sacul association, gently sloping	SH	48378	1725667	1vxpp	la021	1985	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 3 to 12 percent slopes	SC	47674	1725666	2zk0s	la021	1985	1:24000
Darley-Sacul complex, 12 to 30 percent slopes	Dy	45318	569316	m3f1	la027	1986	1:20000
Sacul very fine sandy loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes	Sc	41005	569332	2ynxw	la027	1986	1:20000
Sacul very fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	Sa	17174	569331	2tnjd	la027	1986	1:20000
Sacul gravelly fine sandy loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes	Sk	13956	569334	m3fm	la027	1986	1:20000
Sacul gravelly fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	Sg	2650	569333	m3fl	la027	1986	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 12 to 30 percent slopes	Su	2108	1724557	2zb6k	la031	1986	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	Sa	1126	1724555	2tnhx	la031	1986	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes	Sc	184	1724556	2tf4m	la031	1986	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 5 to 20 percent slopes	SCE	108610	1725268	2tnhz	la049	1991	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	ScC	35010	1725269	2tnhx	la049	1991	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 5 to 20 percent slopes	Sb	5127	1600189	2tnhz	la059	1986	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	Sa	642	1600188	2tnhx	la059	1986	1:24000
Darley-Sacul association, 12 to 30 percent slopes	DRF	35746	571117	m594	la061	1991	1:24000
Sacul very fine sandy loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes	SCE	32342	571127	2ynxw	la061	1991	1:24000
Sacul very fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	ScC	11471	571128	2tnjd	la061	1991	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes	Sc	76501	1903126	2tf4m	la069	1983	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	Sa	54064	1903125	2tnhx	la069	1983	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes	SCE	64284	1903049	2tf4m	la085	1991	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	ScC	49046	1903052	2tnhx	la085	1991	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 12 to 30 percent slopes	SCF	15413	1903050	2zb6k	la085	1991	1:24000
Sacul very fine sandy loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes	SB	29791	1725361	2ynxw	la111	1992	1:24000
Sacul very fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	Sa	19315	1725360	2tnjd	la111	1992	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes	SAE	6137	1725571	2tf4m	la115	1992	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	SaC	4822	1725572	2tnhx	la115	1992	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes	SC	18385	570364	2tf4m	la119	1989	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	Sa	14850	570366	2tnhx	la119	1989	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 5 to 20 percent slopes	SC	147685	1725979	2tnhz	la127	1991	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes, moist	Sa	40417	1725978	2v9rh	la127	1991	1:24000
Kirvin-Sacul association, sloping	KnE	80161	575149	m9h6	tx001	1970	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	SaC	4279	575164	2tnhx	tx001	1970	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	SaB	10398	575243	2tnhx	tx005	1984	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes	SaD	8158	575244	2tf4n	tx005	1984	1:24000
Sacul-Urban land complex, 1 to 5 percent slopes	SbB	152	575245	m9l9	tx005	1984	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes	30	2491	575276	2tlkd	tx037	1978	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 8 to 12 percent slopes	31	1979	575277	m9mb	tx037	1978	1:20000
Sacul-Urban land complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes	32	580	575278	m9mc	tx037	1978	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes	Bf	46648	575310	30n2h	tx073	1949	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes	Bd	38659	575308	2tlkd	tx073	1949	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, sloping, eroded	Be	6365	575309	m9nc	tx073	1949	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, strongly sloping, eroded	Bg	5051	575311	m9nf	tx073	1949	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes	Bc	3574	575307	2tlkc	tx073	1949	1:20000
Sacul sandy clay loam, strongly sloping, severely eroded	Bh	244	575312	m9ng	tx073	1949	1:20000
Sacul very fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	SaC	11843	576461	2tnjd	tx203	1989	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes	SaB	7101	575550	2tlkc	tx225	1994	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	55	18889	575667	2tnhx	tx347	1976	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 5 to 20 percent slopes	56	18838	575668	2tnhz	tx347	1976	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 5 to 20 percent slopes	SaF	4431	575704	2tnhz	tx365	1971	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	SaC	2551	575703	2tnhx	tx365	1971	1:20000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes	SaB	13597	578245	2tlkc	tx401	1993	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	SaC	923	575763	2tnhx	tx419	2002	1:24000
Sacul very fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	SaC	1387	575826	2tnjd	tx423	1987	1:24000
Sacul very fine sandy loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes	SaD	664	575827	mb62	tx423	1987	1:24000
Sacul very fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes	SaB	2630	576071	mbfy	tx499	1993	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes	SaD	9044	576122	2tf4n	tx603	1984	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	SaC	1982	576121	2tnhx	tx603	1984	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes	SaD	11331	576164	mbjy	tx608	1981	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	SaC	6326	576163	2tnhx	tx608	1981	1:24000
Sacul-Urban land complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes	SuC	1951	576165	mbjz	tx608	1981	1:24000
Sacul very fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	SaC	943	576478	2tnjd	tx616	2004	1:24000
Sacul fine sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes	SaB	7939	1894789	2tnhx	tx619	2007	1:24000

Map of Series Extent

Approximate geographic distribution of the SACUL soil series. To learn more about how this distribution was mapped, or to compare this soil series extent to others, use the Series Extent Explorer (SEE) application. Source: generalization of SSURGO geometry (updated 2024-10-30).